什么叫定语从句,通俗一点 什么叫定语从句英语? 什么叫定语从句?
什么是英语定语从句?
英语定语从句(Attributive Clause)是修饰名词或代词的从句,相当于形容词的影响,用于对先行词(被修饰的词)进行限制、说明或补充描述。其核心结构为:
先行词 + 关系词(关系代词或关系副词) + 从句
例如:
The bookthat I borrowed is interesting.
(我借的那本书很有趣。修饰先行词“book”)
一、定语从句的核心要素
-
先行词(Antecedent)
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词,如:- The girlwho is singing is my sister.
(先行词:girl)
- The girlwho is singing is my sister.
-
关系词(Relative Word)
连接主句和从句的引导词,分为两类:- 关系代词:who(人主格)、whom(人宾格)、which(物)、that(人或物)、whose(所属关系)。
- 关系副词:when(时刻)、where(地点)、why(缘故)。
-
从句结构
关系词在从句中充当成分(主语、宾语、状语等),例如:- This is the housewhere I was born.
(关系副词“where”在从句中作地点状语)
- This is the housewhere I was born.
二、定语从句的分类
-
限制性定语从句(Restrictive Clause)
- 影响:限定先行词的范围,不可省略,否则句意不完整。
- 无逗号分隔,关系词可用that/which/who等。
例:
Peoplewho work hard will succeed.
(努力的人会成功。若省略从句,句意模糊)
-
非限制性定语从句(Non-Restrictive Clause)
- 影响:补充说明先行词,可省略,句意仍完整。
- 需逗号分隔,关系词不可用that,多用which/who等。
例:
My brother,who works in Shanghai, is coming home.
(我哥哥在上海职业,他要回家了。补充信息)
三、关系词的选择与独特用法
-
关系代词的选择
- who/whom:修饰人(who作主语,whom作宾语)。
The teacherwho taught us is strict.
(主语用who) - which:修饰物,可作主语或宾语。
The carwhich is red is expensive.
(红色车很贵) - that:可修饰人或物,但不可用于非限制性从句。
The bookthat you recommended is great.
(你推荐的书很棒)
- who/whom:修饰人(who作主语,whom作宾语)。
-
独特情况
-
只能用that的情况:
- 先行词被序数词、最高质量或all/some/any等修饰时。
This isthe best movie that I have seen.
- 先行词同时包含人和物时。
He talked aboutthe people and things that inspired him.
- 先行词被序数词、最高质量或all/some/any等修饰时。
-
介词+关系代词:
介词可置于关系代词前(需用which/whom)。This is the roomin which I lived.
(= This is the roomwhere I lived)
-
-
关系副词的使用
- when:修饰时刻名词(time/day等)。
I remember the daywhen we first met.
- where:修饰地点名词(place/city等)。
This is the parkwhere we played.
- why:修饰reason。
The reasonwhy he left is unclear.
- when:修饰时刻名词(time/day等)。
四、常见注意事项
-
省略关系词:
- 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可省略。
The man(whom) you met is my uncle.
- 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可省略。
-
定语从句与同位语从句的区别:
- 定语从句修饰名词,同位语从句解释名词内容。
The factthat he won surprised us.(同位语从句)
The factthat you mentioned is true.(定语从句)
- 定语从句修饰名词,同位语从句解释名词内容。
-
非谓语动词替代:
可简化定语从句为分词短语或不定式。The girlstanding there is my sister.
(= The girlwho is standing there)
五、典型错误与修正
-
错误使用关系词:
- × This is the housewhere I visited.
- √ This is the housethat/which I visited.(visit需宾语,不用where)
-
混淆限制性与非限制性:
- × My brother,who works hard, will succeed.
- √ My brotherwho works hard will succeed.(限制性,特指某个兄弟)
定语从句通过关系词连接主句与从句,精准修饰名词或代词。掌握关系词的选择、分类及独特制度,是避免语法错误的关键。如需深入进修,可参考牛津教材或专项练习。